![]() In England, for example, in 1800 only 9 percent of the population lived in urban areas. Europe experienced the development of the major cities of its realm during this period. As a result, some historians describe preindustrial cities as “economically parasitic.” Following the Industrial Revolution, cities became urgent centers of production and were able to offer a wide variety of manufactured goods to rural areas, becoming vital centers of production as well as consumption. In preindustrial times, cities consumed foodstuffs produced in rural areas but produced little that rural areas needed in return. Industrialization changed the relationship that existed between cities and their surrounding rural areas. Urbanization extended industrialization as factories were built to take advantage of urban workforces and markets. Cities grew because of the influx of people desiring to take advantage of the factory jobs available in urban areas. Nineteenth-century industrialization was closely associated with the rapid growth of European cities during the same period. However, they agree that the confluence – a coming together – of many factors gave England an enormous commercial and technological head start over the rest of the world. Scholars may disagree, which was the most important. There were several factors that allowed England to lead the Industrial Revolution. Growing businesses soon outstripped the financial abilities of individuals and their families, leading to legal reforms that allowed corporations to own and operate businesses. ![]() Heavy industries like ironworking were also revolutionized by new ideas, and new transportation technologies were developed to move products further and faster. It was also stronger and more easily colored and washed than wool or linen.īy the late 18th century, steam power was adapted to power factory machinery, sparking an even more significant surge in the size, speed, and productivity of industrial machines. Cotton, on the other hand, was far less expensive. The first textile factory in Great Britain was actually for making silk, but since only wealthy people could afford the product, production remained very low. In the 1700s, cotton textiles had many production advantages over other types of cloth. ![]() As the scale of production grew, the factory emerged as a centralized location where wage laborers could work on machines and raw material provided by capitalist entrepreneurs. In the late 18th century, a series of innovations created by savvy businessmen and factory workers solved many of the difficulties in textile production. Making cloth, by hand, for pants, shirts, socks, bedspreads, and other domestic items had always required lots of skill and time.Īs the population grew in England, more people needed textile goods. It started with England’s textile industry, which was struggling to produce goods cheaper and faster for growing consumer markets. The Industrial Revolution began in England, which was by 1750, one of the wealthiest nations in the world and controlled an empire that covered one-quarter of the world’s landmass.
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